Do's and Don'ts

CMake Antipatterns

The next two lists are heavily based on the excellent gist Effective Modern CMake. That list is much longer and more detailed, feel free to read it as well.

Do not use global functions: This includes link_directories, include_libraries, and similar.
Don't add unneeded PUBLIC requirements: You should avoid forcing something on users that is not required (-Wall). Make these PRIVATE instead.
Don't GLOB files: Make or another tool will not know if you add files without rerunning CMake. Note that CMake 3.12 adds a CONFIGURE_DEPENDS flag that makes this far better if you need to use it.
Link to built files directly: Always link to targets if available.
Never skip PUBLIC/PRIVATE when linking: This causes all future linking to be keyword-less.

CMake Patterns

Treat CMake as code: It is code. It should be as clean and readable as all other code.
Think in targets: Your targets should represent concepts. Make an (IMPORTED) INTERFACE target for anything that should stay together and link to that.
Export your interface: You should be able to run from build or install.
Write a Config.cmake file: This is what a library author should do to support clients.
Make ALIAS targets to keep usage consistent: Using add_subdirectory and find_package should provide the same targets and namespaces.
Combine common functionality into clearly documented functions or macros: Functions are better usually.
Use lowercase function names: CMake functions and macros can be called lower or upper case. Always use lower case. Upper case is for variables.
Use cmake_policy and/or range of versions: Policies change for a reason. Only piecemeal set OLD policies if you have to.

Selecting a minimum in 2022:

What minimum CMake should you run locally, and what minimum should you support for people using your code? Since you are reading this, you should be able to get a release in the last few versions of CMake; do that, it will make your development easier. For support, there are two ways to pick minimums: based on features added (which is what a developer cares about), or on common pre-installed CMakes (which is what a user cares about).

Never select a minimum version older than the oldest compiler version you support. CMake should always be at least as new as your compiler.

What minimum to choose - OS support:

3.4: The bare minimum. Never set less.
3.7: Debian old-stable.
3.10: Ubuntu 18.04.
3.11: CentOS 8 (use EPEL or AppSteams, though)
3.13: Debian stable.
3.16: Ubuntu 20.04.
3.19: First to support Apple Silicon.
latest: pip/conda-forge/homebew/chocolaty, etc.

What minimum to choose - Features:

3.8: C++ meta features, CUDA, lots more
3.11: IMPORTED INTERFACE setting, faster, FetchContent, COMPILE_LANGUAGE in IDEs
3.12: C++20, cmake --build build -j N, SHELL:, FindPython
3.14/3.15: CLI, FindPython updates
3.16: Unity builds / precompiled headers, CUDA meta features
3.17/3.18: Lots more CUDA, metaprogramming

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