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GnuPG - The GNU Privacy Guard
-------------------------------
Version 1.4.9
Copyright 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is free software; as a special exception the author
gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or
without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even
the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intro
-----
GnuPG is GNU's tool for secure communication and data storage.
It can be used to encrypt data and to create digital signatures.
It includes an advanced key management facility and is compliant
with the proposed OpenPGP Internet standard as described in RFC2440.
GnuPG works best on GNU/Linux or *BSD systems. Most other Unices
are also supported but are not as well tested as the Free Unices.
See http://www.gnupg.org/download/supported_systems.html for a
list of systems which are known to work.
See the file COPYING for copyright and warranty information.
Because GnuPG does not use use any patented algorithms it is not
by default fully compatible with PGP 2.x, which uses the patented
IDEA algorithm. See http://www.gnupg.org/why-not-idea.html for
more information on this subject, including what to do if you are
legally entitled to use IDEA.
The default public key algorithms are DSA and Elgamal, but RSA is
also supported. Symmetric algorithms available are AES (with 128,
192, and 256 bit keys), 3DES, Blowfish, CAST5 and Twofish. Digest
algorithms available are MD5, RIPEMD/160, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384,
and SHA-512. Compression algorithms available are ZIP, ZLIB, and
BZIP2 (with libbz2 installed).
Installation
------------
Please read the file INSTALL and the sections in this file
related to the installation. Here is a quick summary:
1) Check that you have unmodified sources. See below on how to do
this. Don't skip it - this is an important step!
2) Unpack the tarball. With GNU tar you can do it this way:
"tar xzvf gnupg-x.y.z.tar.gz". If got a bzip2 compressed
tarball you need to use: "tar xjvf gnupg-x.y.z.tar.bz2".
3) "cd gnupg-x.y.z"
4) "./configure"
5) "make"
6) "make install"
7) You end up with a "gpg" binary in /usr/local/bin.
8) To avoid swapping out of sensitive data, you can install "gpg"
setuid root. If you don't do so, you may want to add the
option "no-secmem-warning" to ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
How to Verify the Source
------------------------
In order to check that the version of GnuPG which you are going to
install is an original and unmodified one, you can do it in one of
the following ways:
a) If you already have a trusted Version of GnuPG installed, you
can simply check the supplied signature:
$ gpg --verify gnupg-x.y.z.tar.gz.sig
This checks that the detached signature gnupg-x.y.z.tar.gz.sig
is indeed a signature of gnupg-x.y.z.tar.gz. The key currently
used to create this signature is:
"pub 1024R/1CE0C630 2006-01-01 Werner Koch (dist sig) <dd9jn@gnu.org>"
If you do not have this key, you can get it from the source in
the file doc/samplekeys.asc (use "gpg --import doc/samplekeys.asc"
to add it to the keyring) or from any keyserver. You have to
make sure that this is really the key and not a faked one. You
can do this by comparing the output of:
$ gpg --fingerprint 0x1CE0C630
with the fingerprint published elsewhere.
Please note, that you have to use an old version of GnuPG to
do all this stuff. *Never* use the version which you are going
to check!
b) If you don't have any of the above programs, you have to verify
the SHA1 checksum:
$ sha1sum gnupg-x.y.z.tar.gz
This should yield an output _similar_ to this:
fd9351b26b3189c1d577f0970f9dcadc1234abcd gnupg-x.y.z.tar.gz
Now check that this checksum is _exactly_ the same as the one
published via the announcement list and probably via Usenet.
Documentation
-------------
The manual will be distributed separately under the name "gph".
An online version of the latest manual draft is available at the
GnuPG web pages:
http://www.gnupg.org/documentation/
A list of frequently asked questions is available in the GnuPG
distribution in the file doc/FAQ and online as:
http://www.gnupg.org/documentation/faqs.html
A couple of HOWTO documents are available online; for a listing see:
http://www.gnupg.org/documentation/howtos.html
A man page with a description of all commands and options gets installed
along with the program.
Introduction
------------
Here is a brief overview on how to use GnuPG - it is strongly suggested
that you read the manual and other information about the use of
cryptography. GnuPG is only a tool, secure usage requires that
YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING.
The first time you run gpg, it will create a .gnupg directory in
your home directory and populate it with a default configuration
file. Once this is done, you may create a new key, or if you
already have keyrings from PGP, you can import them into GnuPG
with:
gpg --import path/to/pgp/keyring/pubring.pkr
and
gpg --import path/to/pgp/keyring/secring.skr
The normal way to create a key is
gpg --gen-key
This asks some questions and then starts key generation. To create
good random numbers for the key parameters, GnuPG needs to gather
enough noise (entropy) from your system. If you see no progress
during key generation you should start some other activities such
as moving the mouse or hitting the CTRL and SHIFT keys.
Generate a key ONLY on a machine where you have direct physical
access - don't do it over the network or on a machine also used
by others, especially if you have no access to the root account.
When you are asked for a passphrase use a good one which you can
easily remember. Don't make the passphrase too long because you
have to type it for every decryption or signing; but, - AND THIS
IS VERY IMPORTANT - use a good one that is not easily to guess
because the security of the whole system relies on your secret key
and the passphrase that protects it when someone gains access to
your secret keyring. One good way to select a passphrase is to
figure out a short nonsense sentence which makes some sense for
you and modify it by inserting extra spaces, non-letters and
changing the case of some characters - this is really easy to
remember especially if you associate some pictures with it.
Next, you should create a revocation certificate in case someone
gets knowledge of your secret key or you forgot your passphrase
gpg --gen-revoke your_user_id
Run this command and store the revocation certificate away. The output
is always ASCII armored, so that you can print it and (hopefully
never) re-create it if your electronic media fails.
Now you can use your key to create digital signatures
gpg -s file
This creates a file "file.gpg" which is compressed and has a
signature attached.
gpg -sa file
Same as above, but creates a file "file.asc" which is ASCII armored
and and ready for sending by mail. It is better to use your
mailers features to create signatures (The mailer uses GnuPG to do
this) because the mailer has the ability to MIME encode such
signatures - but this is not a security issue.
gpg -s -o out file
Creates a signature of "file", but writes the output to the file
"out".
Everyone who knows your public key (you can and should publish
your key by putting it on a key server, a web page or in your .plan
file) is now able to check whether you really signed this text
gpg --verify file
GnuPG now checks whether the signature is valid and prints an
appropriate message. If the signature is good, you know at least
that the person (or machine) has access to the secret key which
corresponds to the published public key.
If you run gpg without an option it will verify the signature and
create a new file that is identical to the original. gpg can also
run as a filter, so that you can pipe data to verify trough it
cat signed-file | gpg | wc -l
which will check the signature of signed-file and then display the
number of lines in the original file.
To send a message encrypted to someone you can use
gpg -e -r heine file
This encrypts "file" with the public key of the user "heine" and
writes it to "file.gpg"
echo "hello" | gpg -ea -r heine | mail heine
Ditto, but encrypts "hello\n" and mails it as ASCII armored message
to the user with the mail address heine.
gpg -se -r heine file
This encrypts "file" with the public key of "heine" and writes it
to "file.gpg" after signing it with your user id.
gpg -se -r heine -u Suttner file
Ditto, but sign the file with your alternative user id "Suttner"
GnuPG has some options to help you publish public keys. This is
called "exporting" a key, thus
gpg --export >all-my-keys
exports all the keys in the keyring and writes them (in a binary
format) to "all-my-keys". You may then mail "all-my-keys" as an
MIME attachment to someone else or put it on an FTP server. To
export only some user IDs, you give them as arguments on the command
line.
To mail a public key or put it on a web page you have to create
the key in ASCII armored format
gpg --export --armor | mail panther@tiger.int
This will send all your public keys to your friend panther.
If you have received a key from someone else you can put it
into your public keyring. This is called "importing"
gpg --import [filenames]
New keys are appended to your keyring and already existing
keys are updated. Note that GnuPG does not import keys that
are not self-signed.
Because anyone can claim that a public key belongs to her
we must have some way to check that a public key really belongs
to the owner. This can be achieved by comparing the key during
a phone call. Sure, it is not very easy to compare a binary file
by reading the complete hex dump of the file - GnuPG (and nearly
every other program used for management of cryptographic keys)
provides other solutions.
gpg --fingerprint <username>
prints the so called "fingerprint" of the given username which
is a sequence of hex bytes (which you may have noticed in mail
sigs or on business cards) that uniquely identifies the public
key - different keys will always have different fingerprints.
It is easy to compare fingerprints by phone and I suggest
that you print your fingerprint on the back of your business
card. To see the fingerprints of the secondary keys, you can
give the command twice; but this is normally not needed.
If you don't know the owner of the public key you are in trouble.
Suppose however that friend of yours knows someone who knows someone
who has met the owner of the public key at some computer conference.
Suppose that all the people between you and the public key holder
may now act as introducers to you. Introducers signing keys thereby
certify that they know the owner of the keys they sign. If you then
trust all the introducers to have correctly signed other keys, you
can be be sure that the other key really belongs to the one who
claims to own it.
There are 2 steps to validate a key:
1. First check that there is a complete chain
of signed keys from the public key you want to use
and your key and verify each signature.
2. Make sure that you have full trust in the certificates
of all the introduces between the public key holder and
you.
Step 2 is the more complicated part because there is no easy way
for a computer to decide who is trustworthy and who is not. GnuPG
leaves this decision to you and will ask you for a trust value
(here also referenced as the owner-trust of a key) for every key
needed to check the chain of certificates. You may choose from:
a) "I don't know" - then it is not possible to use any
of the chains of certificates, in which this key is used
as an introducer, to validate the target key. Use this if
you don't know the introducer.
b) "I do not trust" - Use this if you know that the introducer
does not do a good job in certifying other keys. The effect
is the same as with a) but for a) you may later want to
change the value because you got new information about this
introducer.
c) "I trust marginally" - Use this if you assume that the
introducer knows what he is doing. Together with some
other marginally trusted keys, GnuPG validates the target
key then as good.
d) "I fully trust" - Use this if you really know that this
introducer does a good job when certifying other keys.
If all the introducer are of this trust value, GnuPG
normally needs only one chain of signatures to validate
a target key okay. (But this may be adjusted with the help
of some options).
This information is confidential because it gives your personal
opinion on the trustworthiness of someone else. Therefore this data
is not stored in the keyring but in the "trustdb"
(~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg). Do not assign a high trust value just
because the introducer is a friend of yours - decide how well she
understands the implications of key signatures and you may want to
tell her more about public key cryptography so you can later change
the trust value you assigned.
Okay, here is how GnuPG helps you with key management. Most stuff
is done with the --edit-key command
gpg --edit-key <keyid or username>
GnuPG displays some information about the key and then prompts
for a command (enter "help" to see a list of commands and see
the man page for a more detailed explanation). To sign a key
you select the user ID you want to sign by entering the number
that is displayed in the leftmost column (or do nothing if the
key has only one user ID) and then enter the command "sign" and
follow all the prompts. When you are ready, give the command
"save" (or use "quit" to cancel your actions).
If you want to sign the key with another of your user IDs, you
must give an "-u" option on the command line together with the
"--edit-key".
Normally you want to sign only one user ID because GnuPG
uses only one and this keeps the public key certificate
small. Because such key signatures are very important you
should make sure that the signatories of your key sign a user ID
which is very likely to stay for a long time - choose one with an
email address you have full control of or do not enter an email
address at all. In future GnuPG will have a way to tell which
user ID is the one with an email address you prefer - because
you have no signatures on this email address it is easy to change
this address. Remember, your signatories sign your public key (the
primary one) together with one of your user IDs - so it is not possible
to change the user ID later without voiding all the signatures.
Tip: If you hear about a key signing party on a computer conference
join it because this is a very convenient way to get your key
certified (But remember that signatures have nothing to to with the
trust you assign to a key).
8 Ways to Specify a User ID
---------=-----------------
There are several ways to specify a user ID, here are some examples.
* Only by the short keyid (prepend a zero if it begins with A..F):
"234567C4"
"0F34E556E"
"01347A56A"
"0xAB123456
* By a complete keyid:
"234AABBCC34567C4"
"0F323456784E56EAB"
"01AB3FED1347A5612"
"0x234AABBCC34567C4"
* By a fingerprint:
"1234343434343434C434343434343434"
"123434343434343C3434343434343734349A3434"
"0E12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434"
The first one is a short fingerprint for PGP 2.x style keys.
The others are long fingerprints for OpenPGP keys.
* By an exact string:
"=Heinrich Heine <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>"
* By an email address:
"<heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>"
* By word match
"+Heinrich Heine duesseldorf"
All words must match exactly (not case sensitive) and appear in
any order in the user ID. Words are any sequences of letters,
digits, the underscore and characters with bit 7 set.
* Or by the usual substring:
"Heine"
"*Heine"
The '*' indicates substring search explicitly.
Batch mode
----------
If you use the option "--batch", GnuPG runs in non-interactive mode and
never prompts for input data. This does not even allow entering the
passphrase. Until we have a better solution (something like ssh-agent),
you can use the option "--passphrase-fd n", which works like PGP's
PGPPASSFD.
Batch mode also causes GnuPG to terminate as soon as a BAD signature is
detected.
Exit status
-----------
GnuPG returns with an exit status of 1 if in batch mode and a bad signature
has been detected or 2 or higher for all other errors. You should parse
stderr or, better, the output of the fd specified with --status-fd to get
detailed information about the errors.
Configure options
-----------------
Here is a list of configure options which are sometime useful
for installation.
--enable-static-rnd=<name>
Force the use of the random byte gathering
module <name>. Default is either to use /dev/random
or the auto mode. Value for name:
egd - Use the module which accesses the
Entropy Gathering Daemon. See the webpages
for more information about it.
unix - Use the standard Unix module which does not
have a very good performance.
linux - Use the module which accesses /dev/random.
This is the first choice and the default one
for GNU/Linux or *BSD.
auto - Compile linux, egd and unix in and
automagically select at runtime.
--with-egd-socket=<name>
This is only used when EGD is used as random
gatherer. GnuPG uses by default "~/.gnupg/entropy"
as the socket to connect EGD. Using this option the
socket name can be changed. You may use any filename
here with 2 exceptions: a filename starting with
"~/" uses the socket in the home directory of the user
and one starting with a "=" uses a socket in the
GnuPG home directory which is "~/.gnupg" by default.
--without-readline
Do not include support for the readline library
even if it is available. The default is to check
whether the readline library is a available and
use it to allow fancy command line editing.
--with-included-zlib
Forces usage of the local zlib sources. Default is
to use the (shared) library of the system.
--with-zlib=<DIR>
Look for the system zlib in DIR.
--with-bzip2=<DIR>
Look for the system libbz2 in DIR.
--without-bzip2
Disable the BZIP2 compression algorithm.
--with-included-gettext
Forces usage of the local gettext sources instead of
the one provided by your system.
--disable-nls
Disable NLS support (See the file ABOUT-NLS)
--enable-m-guard
Enable the integrated malloc checking code. Please
note that this feature does not work on all CPUs
(e.g. SunOS 5.7 on UltraSparc-2) and might give
you a bus error.
--disable-dynload
If you have problems with dynamic loading, this
option disables all dynamic loading stuff. Note
that the use of dynamic linking is very limited.
--disable-asm
Do not use assembler modules. It is not possible
to use this on some CPU types.
--disable-exec
Disable all remote program execution. This
disables photo ID viewing as well as all keyserver
access.
--disable-photo-viewers
Disable only photo ID viewing.
--disable-keyserver-helpers
Disable only keyserver helpers.
--disable-keyserver-path
Disables the user's ability to use the exec-path
feature to add additional search directories when
executing a keyserver helper.
--with-photo-viewer=FIXED_VIEWER
Force the photo viewer to be FIXED_VIEWER and
disable any ability for the user to change it in
their options file.
--disable-rsa
Removes support for the RSA public key algorithm.
This can give a smaller gpg binary for places
where space is tight.
--disable-idea
--disable-cast5
--disable-blowfish
--disable-aes
--disable-twofish
--disable-sha256
--disable-sha512
Removes support for the selected symmetric or hash
algorithm. This can give a smaller gpg binary for
places where space is tight.
**** Note that if there are existing keys that
have one of these algorithms as a preference,
messages may be received that use one of these
algorithms and you will not be able to decrypt the
message! ****
The public key preference list can be updated to
match the list of available algorithms by using
"gpg --edit-key (thekey)", and running the
"setpref" command.
--enable-minimal
Build the smallest gpg binary possible (disables
all optional algorithms, disables keyserver
access, and disables photo IDs). Specifically,
this means --disable-rsa --disable-idea,
--disable-cast5, --disable-blowfish,
--disable-aes, --disable-twofish,
--disable-sha256, --disable-sha512,
--without-bzip2, --disable-exec,
--disable-card-support and
--disable-agent-support.
Configure command lines are read from left to
right, so if you want to have an "almost minimal"
configuration, you can do (for example)
"--enable-minimal --enable-rsa" to have RSA added
to the minimal build.
--enable-key-cache=SIZE
Set the internal key and UID cache size. This has
a significant impact on performance with large
keyrings. The default is 4096, but for use on
platforms where memory is an issue, it can be set
as low as 5.
--disable-card-support
Do not include smartcard support. The default is
to include support if all required libraries are
available.
--disable-agent-support
Do not include support for the gpg-agent. The
default is to include support.
--enable-selinux-support
This prevents access to certain files and won't
allow import or export of secret keys.
--enable-noexecstack
Pass option --noexecstack to as. Autdetect wether
the tool chain actually support this.
--disable-gnupg-iconv
If iconv is available it is used to convert
between utf-8 and the system character set. This
is in general the preferable solution. However
the code is new and under some cirumstances it may
give different output than with the limited old
support. This option allows to explicity disable
the use of iconv. Note, that iconv is also
disabled if gettext has been disabled.
Installation Problems
---------------------
If you get unresolved externals "gettext" you should run configure
again with the option "--with-included-gettext"; this is version
0.12.1 which is available at ftp.gnu.org.
If you have other compile problems, try the configure options
"--with-included-zlib" or "--disable-nls" (See ABOUT-NLS) or
--disable-dynload.
We can't check all assembler files, so if you have problems
assembling them (or the program crashes) use --disable-asm with
./configure. If you opt to delete individual replacement files in
hopes of using the remaining ones, be aware that the configure
scripts may consider several subdirectories to get all available
assembler files; be sure to delete the correct ones. The assembler
replacements are in C and in mpi/generic; never delete
udiv-qrnnd.S in any CPU directory, because there may be no C
substitute. Don't forget to delete "config.cache" and run
"./config.status --recheck". We have also heard reports of
problems when using versions of gcc earlier than 2.96 along with a
non-GNU assembler (as). If this applies to your platform, you can
either upgrade gcc to a more recent version, or use the GNU
assembler.
Some make tools are broken - the best solution is to use GNU's
make. Try gmake or grab the sources from a GNU archive and
install them.
On some OSF systems you may get unresolved externals. This is a
libtool problem and the workaround is to manually remove all the
"-lc -lz" but the last one from the linker line and execute them
manually.
On some architectures you see warnings like:
longlong.h:175: warning: function declaration isn't a prototype
or
http.c:647: warning: cast increases required alignment of target type
This doesn't matter and we know about it (actually it is due to
some warning options which we have enabled for gcc)
If you are cross-compiling and you get an error either building a
tool called "yat2m" or running that tool, the problem is most
likely a bad or missing native compiler. We require a standard
C-89 compiler to produce an executable to be run on the build
platform. You can explicitly set such a compiler with configure
arguments. On HP/UX you might want to try: "CC_FOR_BUILD=c89".
Specific problems on some machines
----------------------------------
* Apple Darwin 6.1:
./configure --with-libiconv-prefix=/sw
* IBM RS/6000 running AIX:
Due to a change in gcc (since version 2.8) the MPI stuff may
not build. In this case try to run configure using:
CFLAGS="-g -O2 -mcpu=powerpc" ./configure
* SVR4.2 (ESIX V4.2 cc)
Due to problems with the ESIX as, you probably want to do
CFLAGS="-O -K pentium" ./configure --disable-asm
* SunOS 4.1.4
./configure ac_cv_sys_symbol_underscore=yes
The Random Device
-----------------
Random devices are available in Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD.
Operating systems without a random devices must use another
entropy collector.
This collector works by running a lot of commands that yield more
or less unpredictable output and feds this as entropy into the
random generator - It should work reliably but you should check
whether it produces good output for your version of Unix. There
are some debug options to help you (see cipher/rndunix.c).
Creating an RPM package
-----------------------
The file scripts/gnupg.spec is used to build a RPM package (both
binary and src):
1. copy the spec file into /usr/src/redhat/SPECS
2. copy the tar file into /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES
3. type: rpm -ba SPECS/gnupg.spec
Or use the -t (--tarbuild) option of rpm:
1. rpm -ta gnupg-x.x.x.tar.gz
The binary rpm file can now be found in /usr/src/redhat/RPMS, source
rpm in /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS
Building Universal Binaries on Apple OS X
-----------------------------------------
You can build a universal ("fat") binary that will work on both
PPC and Intel Macs with something like:
./configure CFLAGS="-arch ppc -arch i386" --disable-endian-check \
--disable-dependency-tracking --disable-asm
If you are doing the build on a OS X 10.4 (Tiger) PPC machine you
may need to add "-isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk" to
those CFLAGS. This additional isysroot is not necessary on Intel
Tiger boxes, or any OS X 10.5 (Leopard) or later boxes.
Note that when building a universal binary, any third-party
libraries you may link with need to be universal as well. All
Apple-supplied libraries (even libraries not originally written by
Apple like curl, zip, and BZ2) are universal.
GnuPG 1.4 and GnuPG 2.0
-----------------------
GnuPG 2.0 is a newer version of GnuPG with additional support for
S/MIME. It has a different design philosophy that splits
functionality up into several modules. Both versions may be
installed simultaneously without any conflict (gpg is called gpg2
in GnuPG 2). In fact, the gpg version from GnuPG 1.4 is able to
make use of the gpg-agent as included in GnuPG 2 and allows for
seamless passphrase caching. The advantage of GnupG 1.4 is its
smaller size and no dependency on other modules at run and build
time.
How to Get More Information
---------------------------
The primary WWW page is "http://www.gnupg.org"
The primary FTP site is "ftp://ftp.gnupg.org/gcrypt/"
See http://www.gnupg.org/download/mirrors.html for a list of
mirrors and use them if possible. You may also find GnuPG
mirrored on some of the regular GNU mirrors.
We have some mailing lists dedicated to GnuPG:
gnupg-announce@gnupg.org For important announcements like
new versions and such stuff.
This is a moderated list and has
very low traffic. Do not post to
this list.
gnupg-users@gnupg.org For general user discussion and
help (English).
gnupg-de@gnupg.org German speaking counterpart of
gnupg-users.
gnupg-ru@gnupg.org Russian speaking counterpart of
gnupg-users.
gnupg-devel@gnupg.org GnuPG developers main forum.
You subscribe to one of the list by sending mail with a subject
of "subscribe" to x-request@gnupg.org, where x is the name of the
mailing list (gnupg-announce, gnupg-users, etc.). An archive of
the mailing lists are available at
http://www.gnupg.org/documentation/mailing-lists.html
Please direct bug reports to http://bugs.gnupg.org or post
them direct to the mailing list <gnupg-devel@gnupg.org>.
Please direct questions about GnuPG to the users mailing list or
one of the pgp newsgroups; please do not direct questions to one
of the authors directly as we are busy working on improvements and
bug fixes. The English and German mailing lists are watched by
the authors and we try to answer questions when time allows us to
do so.
Commercial grade support for GnuPG is available; please see
http://www.gnupg.org/service.html .
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