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NEWS README README.maint TODO
Signed-off-by: Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net>
653 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
653 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
@c card-tool.texi - man page for gpg-card-tool
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@c Copyright (C) 2019 g10 Code GmbH
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@c This is part of the GnuPG manual.
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@c For copying conditions, see the file GnuPG.texi.
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@include defs.inc
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@node Smart Card Tool
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@chapter Smart Card Tool
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GnuPG comes with a tool to administrate smart cards and USB tokens.
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This tool is an enhanced version of the @option{--edit-key} command
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available with @command{gpg}.
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@menu
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* gpg-card:: Administrate smart cards.
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@end menu
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@c
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@c GPG-CARD-TOOL
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@c
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@manpage gpg-card.1
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@node gpg-card
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@section Administrate smart cards.
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@ifset manverb
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.B gpg-card
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\- Administrate Smart Cards
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@end ifset
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@mansect synopsis
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@ifset manverb
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.B gpg-card
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.RI [ options ]
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.br
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.B gpg-card
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.RI [ options ]
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.I command
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.RI {
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.B --
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.I command
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.RI }
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@end ifset
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@mansect description
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The @command{gpg-card} is used to administrate smart cards and USB
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tokens. It provides a superset of features from @command{gpg
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--card-edit} an can be considered a frontend to @command{scdaemon}
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which is a daemon started by @command{gpg-agent} to handle smart
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cards.
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If @command{gpg-card} is invoked without commands an interactive
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mode is used.
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If @command{gpg-card} is invoked with one or more commands the
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same commands as available in the interactive mode are run from the
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command line. These commands need to be delimited with a double-dash.
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If a double-dash or a shell specific character is required as part of
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a command the entire command needs to be put in quotes. If one of
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those commands returns an error the remaining commands are not anymore
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run unless the command was prefixed with a single dash.
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A list of commands is available by using the command @code{help} and a
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detailed description of each command is printed by using @code{help
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COMMAND}.
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See the NOTES sections for instructions pertaining to specific cards
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or card applications.
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@mansect options
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@noindent
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@command{gpg-card} understands these options:
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@table @gnupgtabopt
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@item --with-colons
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@opindex with-colons
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This option has currently no effect.
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@item --status-fd @var{n}
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@opindex status-fd
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Write special status strings to the file descriptor @var{n}. This
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program returns only the status messages SUCCESS or FAILURE which are
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helpful when the caller uses a double fork approach and can't easily
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get the return code of the process.
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@item --verbose
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@opindex verbose
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Enable extra informational output.
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@item --quiet
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@opindex quiet
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Disable almost all informational output.
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@item --version
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@opindex version
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Print version of the program and exit.
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@item --help
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@opindex help
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Display a brief help page and exit.
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@item --no-autostart
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@opindex no-autostart
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Do not start the gpg-agent if it has not yet been started and its
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service is required. This option is mostly useful on machines where
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the connection to gpg-agent has been redirected to another machines.
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@item --agent-program @var{file}
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@opindex agent-program
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Specify the agent program to be started if none is running. The
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default value is determined by running @command{gpgconf} with the
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option @option{--list-dirs}.
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@item --gpg-program @var{file}
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@opindex gpg-program
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Specify a non-default gpg binary to be used by certain commands.
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@item --gpgsm-program @var{file}
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@opindex gpgsm-program
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Specify a non-default gpgsm binary to be used by certain commands.
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@end table
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@mansect notes (OpenPGP)
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The support for OpenPGP cards in @command{gpg-card} is not yet
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complete. For missing features, please continue to use @code{gpg
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--card-edit}.
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@mansect notes (PIV)
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@noindent
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GnuPG has support for PIV cards (``Personal Identity Verification''
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as specified by NIST Special Publication 800-73-4). This section
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describes how to initialize (personalize) a fresh Yubikey token
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featuring the PIV application (requires Yubikey-5). We assume that
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the credentials have not yet been changed and thus are:
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@table @asis
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@item Authentication key
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This is a 24 byte key described by the hex string @*
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@code{010203040506070801020304050607080102030405060708}.
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@item PIV Application PIN
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This is the string @code{123456}.
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@item PIN Unblocking Key
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This is the string @code{12345678}.
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@end table
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See the example section on how to change these defaults. For
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production use it is important to use secure values for them. Note that
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the Authentication Key is not queried via the usual Pinentry dialog
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but needs to be entered manually or read from a file. The use of a
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dedicated machine to personalize tokens is strongly suggested.
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To see what is on the card, the command @code{list} can be given. We
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will use the interactive mode in the following (the string
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@emph{gpg/card>} is the prompt). An example output for a fresh card
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is:
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@example
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gpg/card> list
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Reader ...........: 1050:0407:X:0
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Card type ........: yubikey
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Card firmware ....: 5.1.2
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Serial number ....: D2760001240102010006090746250000
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Application type .: OpenPGP
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Version ..........: 2.1
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[...]
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@end example
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It can be seen by the ``Application type'' line that GnuPG selected
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the OpenPGP application of the Yubikey. This is because GnuPG assigns
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the highest priority to the OpenPGP application. To use the PIV
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application of the Yubikey several methods can be used:
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With a Yubikey 5 or later the OpenPGP application on the Yubikey can
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be disabled:
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@example
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gpg/card> yubikey disable all opgp
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gpg/card> yubikey list
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Application USB NFC
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-----------------------
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OTP yes yes
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U2F yes yes
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OPGP no no
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PIV yes no
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OATH yes yes
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FIDO2 yes yes
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gpg/card> reset
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@end example
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The @code{reset} is required so that the GnuPG system rereads the
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card. Note that disabled applications keep all their data and can at
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any time be re-enabled (use @kbd{help yubikey}).
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Another option, which works for all Yubikey versions, is to disable
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the support for OpenPGP cards in scdaemon. This is done by adding the
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line
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@smallexample
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disable-application openpgp
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@end smallexample
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to @file{~/.gnupg/scdaemon.conf} and by restarting scdaemon, either by
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killing the process or by using @kbd{gpgconf --kill scdaemon}. Finally
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the default order in which card applications are tried by scdaemon can
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be changed. For example to prefer PIV over OpenPGP it is sufficient
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to add
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@smallexample
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application-priority piv
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@end smallexample
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to @file{~/.gnupg/scdaemon.conf} and to restart @command{scdaemon}.
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This has an effect only on tokens which support both, PIV and OpenPGP,
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but does not hamper the use of OpenPGP only tokens.
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With one of these methods employed the @code{list} command of
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@command{gpg-card} shows this:
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@example
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gpg/card> list
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Reader ...........: 1050:0407:X:0
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Card type ........: yubikey
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Card firmware ....: 5.1.2
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Serial number ....: FF020001008A77C1
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Application type .: PIV
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Version ..........: 1.0
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Displayed s/n ....: yk-9074625
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PIN usage policy .: app-pin
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PIN retry counter : - 3 -
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PIV authentication: [none]
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keyref .....: PIV.9A
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Card authenticat. : [none]
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keyref .....: PIV.9E
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Digital signature : [none]
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keyref .....: PIV.9C
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Key management ...: [none]
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keyref .....: PIV.9D
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@end example
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In case several tokens are plugged into the computer, gpg-card will
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show only one. To show another token the number of the token (0, 1,
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2, ...) can be given as an argument to the @code{list} command. The
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command @kbd{list --cards} prints a list of all inserted tokens.
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Note that the ``Displayed s/n'' is printed on the token and also
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shown in Pinentry prompts asking for the PIN. The four standard key
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slots are always shown, if other key slots are initialized they are
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shown as well. The @emph{PIV authentication} key (internal reference
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@emph{PIV.9A}) is used to authenticate the card and the card holder.
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The use of the associated private key is protected by the Application
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PIN which needs to be provided once and the key can the be used until
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the card is reset or removed from the reader or USB port. GnuPG uses
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this key with its @emph{Secure Shell} support. The @emph{Card
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authentication} key (@emph{PIV.9E}) is also known as the CAK and used
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to support physical access applications. The private key is not
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protected by a PIN and can thus immediately be used. The @emph{Digital
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signature} key (@emph{PIV.9C}) is used to digitally sign documents.
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The use of the associated private key is protected by the Application
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PIN which needs to be provided for each signing operation. The
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@emph{Key management} key (@emph{PIV.9D}) is used for encryption. The
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use of the associated private key is protected by the Application PIN
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which needs to be provided only once so that decryption operations can
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then be done until the card is reset or removed from the reader or USB
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port.
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We now generate three of the four keys. Note that GnuPG does
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currently not use the the @emph{Card authentication} key; however,
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that key is mandatory by the PIV standard and thus we create it too.
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Key generation requires that we authenticate to the card. This can be
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done either on the command line (which would reveal the key):
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@example
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gpg/card> auth 010203040506070801020304050607080102030405060708
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@end example
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or by reading the key from a file. That file needs to consist of one
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LF terminated line with the hex encoded key (as above):
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@example
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gpg/card> auth < myauth.key
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@end example
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As usual @samp{help auth} gives help for this command. An error
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message is printed if a non-matching key is used. The authentication
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is valid until a reset of the card or until the card is removed from
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the reader or the USB port. Note that that in non-interactive mode
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the @samp{<} needs to be quoted so that the shell does not interpret
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it as a its own redirection symbol.
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@noindent
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Here are the actual commands to generate the keys:
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@example
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gpg/card> generate --algo=nistp384 PIV.9A
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PIV card no. yk-9074625 detected
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gpg/card> generate --algo=nistp256 PIV.9E
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PIV card no. yk-9074625 detected
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gpg/card> generate --algo=rsa2048 PIV.9C
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PIV card no. yk-9074625 detected
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@end example
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If a key has already been created for one of the slots an error will
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be printed; to create a new key anyway the option @samp{--force} can be
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used. Note that only the private and public keys have been created
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but no certificates are stored in the key slots. In fact, GnuPG uses
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its own non-standard method to store just the public key in place of
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the the certificate. Other application will not be able to make use
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these keys until @command{gpgsm} or another tool has been used to
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create and store the respective certificates. Let us see what the
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list command now shows:
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@example
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gpg/card> list
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Reader ...........: 1050:0407:X:0
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Card type ........: yubikey
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Card firmware ....: 5.1.2
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Serial number ....: FF020001008A77C1
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Application type .: PIV
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Version ..........: 1.0
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Displayed s/n ....: yk-9074625
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PIN usage policy .: app-pin
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PIN retry counter : - 3 -
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PIV authentication: 213D1825FDE0F8240CB4E4229F01AF90AC658C2E
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keyref .....: PIV.9A (auth)
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algorithm ..: nistp384
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Card authenticat. : 7A53E6CFFE7220A0E646B4632EE29E5A7104499C
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keyref .....: PIV.9E (auth)
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algorithm ..: nistp256
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Digital signature : 32A6C6FAFCB8421878608AAB452D5470DD3223ED
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keyref .....: PIV.9C (sign,cert)
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algorithm ..: rsa2048
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Key management ...: [none]
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keyref .....: PIV.9D
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@end example
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The primary information for each key is the @emph{keygrip}, a 40 byte
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hex-string identifying the key. This keygrip is a unique identifier
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for the specific parameters of a key. It is used by
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@command{gpg-agent} and other parts of GnuPG to associate a private
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key to its protocol specific certificate format (X.509, OpenPGP, or
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SecureShell). Below the keygrip the key reference along with the key
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usage capabilities are show. Finally the algorithm is printed in the
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format used by @command {gpg}. At that point no other information is
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shown because for these new keys gpg won't be able to find matching
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certificates.
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Although we could have created the @emph{Key management} key also with
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the generate command, we will create that key off-card so that a
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backup exists. To accomplish this a key needs to be created with
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either @command{gpg} or @command{gpgsm} or imported in one of these
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tools. In our example we create a self-signed X.509 certificate (exit
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the gpg-card tool, first):
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@example
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$ gpgsm --gen-key -o encr.crt
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(1) RSA
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(2) Existing key
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(3) Existing key from card
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Your selection? 1
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What keysize do you want? (3072) 2048
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Requested keysize is 2048 bits
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Possible actions for a RSA key:
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(1) sign, encrypt
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(2) sign
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(3) encrypt
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Your selection? 3
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Enter the X.509 subject name: CN=Encryption key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
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Enter email addresses (end with an empty line):
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> otto@@example.net
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>
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Enter DNS names (optional; end with an empty line):
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>
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Enter URIs (optional; end with an empty line):
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>
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Create self-signed certificate? (y/N) y
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These parameters are used:
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Key-Type: RSA
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Key-Length: 2048
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Key-Usage: encrypt
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Serial: random
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Name-DN: CN=Encryption key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
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Name-Email: otto@@example.net
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Proceed with creation? (y/N)
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Now creating self-signed certificate. This may take a while ...
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gpgsm: about to sign the certificate for key: &34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB
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gpgsm: certificate created
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Ready.
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$ gpgsm --import encr.crt
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gpgsm: certificate imported
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gpgsm: total number processed: 1
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gpgsm: imported: 1
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@end example
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Note the last step which imported the created certificate. If you
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you instead created a certificate signing request (CSR) instead of a
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self-signed certificate and sent this off to a CA you would do the
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same import step with the certificate received from the CA. Take note
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of the keygrip (prefixed with an ampersand) as shown during the
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certificate creation or listed it again using @samp{gpgsm
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--with-keygrip -k otto@@example.net}. Now to move the key and
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certificate to the card start @command{gpg-card} again and enter:
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@example
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gpg/card> writekey PIV.9D 34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB
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gpg/card> writecert PIV.9D < encr.crt
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@end example
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If you entered a passphrase to protect the private key, you will be
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asked for it via the Pinentry prompt. On success the key and the
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certificate has been written to the card and a @code{list} command
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shows:
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@example
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[...]
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Key management ...: 34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB
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keyref .....: PIV.9D (encr)
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algorithm ..: rsa2048
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used for ...: X.509
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user id ..: CN=Encryption key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
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user id ..: <otto@@example.net>
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@end example
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In case the same key (identified by the keygrip) has been used for
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several certificates you will see several ``used for'' parts. With
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this the encryption key is now fully functional and can be used to
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decrypt messages encrypted to this certificate. @sc{Take care:} the
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original key is still stored on-disk and should be moved to a backup
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medium. This can simply be done by copying the file
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@file{34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB.key} from the directory
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@file{~/.gnupg/private-keys-v1.d/} to the backup medium and deleting
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the file at its original place.
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The final example is to create a self-signed certificate for digital
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signatures. Leave @command{gpg-card} using @code{quit} or by pressing
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Control-D and use gpgsm:
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@example
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$ gpgsm --learn
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$ gpgsm --gen-key -o sign.crt
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Please select what kind of key you want:
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(1) RSA
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(2) Existing key
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(3) Existing key from card
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Your selection? 3
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Serial number of the card: FF020001008A77C1
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Available keys:
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(1) 213D1825FDE0F8240CB4E4229F01AF90AC658C2E PIV.9A nistp384
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(2) 7A53E6CFFE7220A0E646B4632EE29E5A7104499C PIV.9E nistp256
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(3) 32A6C6FAFCB8421878608AAB452D5470DD3223ED PIV.9C rsa2048
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(4) 34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB PIV.9D rsa2048
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Your selection? 3
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Possible actions for a RSA key:
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(1) sign, encrypt
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(2) sign
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(3) encrypt
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Your selection? 2
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Enter the X.509 subject name: CN=Signing key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
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Enter email addresses (end with an empty line):
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> otto@@example.net
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>
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Enter DNS names (optional; end with an empty line):
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>
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Enter URIs (optional; end with an empty line):
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>
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Create self-signed certificate? (y/N)
|
|
These parameters are used:
|
|
Key-Type: card:PIV.9C
|
|
Key-Length: 1024
|
|
Key-Usage: sign
|
|
Serial: random
|
|
Name-DN: CN=Signing key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
|
|
Name-Email: otto@@example.net
|
|
|
|
Proceed with creation? (y/N) y
|
|
Now creating self-signed certificate. This may take a while ...
|
|
gpgsm: about to sign the certificate for key: &32A6C6FAFCB8421878608AAB452D5470DD3223ED
|
|
gpgsm: certificate created
|
|
Ready.
|
|
$ gpgsm --import sign.crt
|
|
gpgsm: certificate imported
|
|
gpgsm: total number processed: 1
|
|
gpgsm: imported: 1
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The use of @samp{gpgsm --learn} is currently necessary so that
|
|
gpg-agent knows what keys are available on the card. The need for
|
|
this command will eventually be removed. The remaining commands are
|
|
similar to the creation of an on-disk key. However, here we select
|
|
the @samp{Digital signature} key. During the creation process you
|
|
will be asked for the Application PIN of the card. The final step is
|
|
to write the certificate to the card using @command{gpg-card}:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
gpg/card> writecert PIV.9C < sign.crt
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
By running list again we will see the fully initialized card:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
Reader ...........: 1050:0407:X:0
|
|
Card type ........: yubikey
|
|
Card firmware ....: 5.1.2
|
|
Serial number ....: FF020001008A77C1
|
|
Application type .: PIV
|
|
Version ..........: 1.0
|
|
Displayed s/n ....: yk-9074625
|
|
PIN usage policy .: app-pin
|
|
PIN retry counter : - [verified] -
|
|
PIV authentication: 213D1825FDE0F8240CB4E4229F01AF90AC658C2E
|
|
keyref .....: PIV.9A (auth)
|
|
algorithm ..: nistp384
|
|
Card authenticat. : 7A53E6CFFE7220A0E646B4632EE29E5A7104499C
|
|
keyref .....: PIV.9E (auth)
|
|
algorithm ..: nistp256
|
|
Digital signature : 32A6C6FAFCB8421878608AAB452D5470DD3223ED
|
|
keyref .....: PIV.9C (sign,cert)
|
|
algorithm ..: rsa2048
|
|
used for ...: X.509
|
|
user id ..: CN=Signing key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
|
|
user id ..: <otto@@example.net>
|
|
Key management ...: 34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB
|
|
keyref .....: PIV.9D (encr)
|
|
algorithm ..: rsa2048
|
|
used for ...: X.509
|
|
user id ..: CN=Encryption key for yk-9074625,O=example,C=DE
|
|
user id ..: <otto@@example.net>
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
It is now possible to sign and to encrypt with this card using gpgsm
|
|
and to use the @samp{PIV authentication} key with ssh:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
$ ssh-add -l
|
|
384 SHA256:0qnJ0Y0ehWxKcx2frLfEljf6GCdlO55OZed5HqGHsaU cardno:yk-9074625 (ECDSA)
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
As usual use ssh-add with the uppercase @samp{-L} to list the public
|
|
ssh key. To use the certificates with Thunderbird or Mozilla, please
|
|
consult the Scute manual for details.
|
|
|
|
If you want to use the same PIV keys also for OpenPGP (for example on
|
|
a Yubikey to avoid switching between OpenPGP and PIV), this is also
|
|
possible:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
$ gpgsm --learn
|
|
$ gpg --full-gen-key
|
|
Please select what kind of key you want:
|
|
(1) RSA and RSA (default)
|
|
(2) DSA and Elgamal
|
|
(3) DSA (sign only)
|
|
(4) RSA (sign only)
|
|
(14) Existing key from card
|
|
Your selection? 14
|
|
Serial number of the card: FF020001008A77C1
|
|
Available keys:
|
|
(1) 213D1825FDE0F8240CB4E4229F01AF90AC658C2E PIV.9A nistp384 (auth)
|
|
(2) 7A53E6CFFE7220A0E646B4632EE29E5A7104499C PIV.9E nistp256 (auth)
|
|
(3) 32A6C6FAFCB8421878608AAB452D5470DD3223ED PIV.9C rsa2048 (cert,sign)
|
|
(4) 34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB PIV.9D rsa2048 (encr)
|
|
Your selection? 3
|
|
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
|
|
0 = key does not expire
|
|
<n> = key expires in n days
|
|
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
|
|
<n>m = key expires in n months
|
|
<n>y = key expires in n years
|
|
Key is valid for? (0)
|
|
Key does not expire at all
|
|
Is this correct? (y/N) y
|
|
|
|
GnuPG needs to construct a user ID to identify your key.
|
|
|
|
Real name:
|
|
Email address: otto@@example.net
|
|
Comment:
|
|
You selected this USER-ID:
|
|
"otto@@example.net"
|
|
|
|
Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o
|
|
gpg: key C3AFA9ED971BB365 marked as ultimately trusted
|
|
gpg: revocation certificate stored as '[...]D971BB365.rev'
|
|
public and secret key created and signed.
|
|
|
|
Note that this key cannot be used for encryption. You may want to use
|
|
the command "--edit-key" to generate a subkey for this purpose.
|
|
pub rsa2048 2019-04-04 [SC]
|
|
7F899AE2FB73159DD68A1B20C3AFA9ED971BB365
|
|
uid otto@@example.net
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Note that you will be asked two times to enter the PIN of your PIV
|
|
card. If you run @command{gpg} in @option{--expert} mode you will
|
|
also ge given the option to change the usage flags of the key. The next
|
|
typescript shows how to add the encryption subkey:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
$ gpg --edit-key 7F899AE2FB73159DD68A1B20C3AFA9ED971BB365
|
|
Secret key is available.
|
|
|
|
sec rsa2048/C3AFA9ED971BB365
|
|
created: 2019-04-04 expires: never usage: SC
|
|
card-no: FF020001008A77C1
|
|
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
|
|
[ultimate] (1). otto@@example.net
|
|
gpg> addkey
|
|
Secret parts of primary key are stored on-card.
|
|
Please select what kind of key you want:
|
|
(3) DSA (sign only)
|
|
(4) RSA (sign only)
|
|
(5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
|
|
(6) RSA (encrypt only)
|
|
(14) Existing key from card
|
|
Your selection? 14
|
|
Serial number of the card: FF020001008A77C1
|
|
Available keys:
|
|
(1) 213D1825FDE0F8240CB4E4229F01AF90AC658C2E PIV.9A nistp384 (auth)
|
|
(2) 7A53E6CFFE7220A0E646B4632EE29E5A7104499C PIV.9E nistp256 (auth)
|
|
(3) 32A6C6FAFCB8421878608AAB452D5470DD3223ED PIV.9C rsa2048 (cert,sign)
|
|
(4) 34798AAFE0A7565088101CC4AE31C5C8C74461CB PIV.9D rsa2048 (encr)
|
|
Your selection? 4
|
|
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
|
|
0 = key does not expire
|
|
<n> = key expires in n days
|
|
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
|
|
<n>m = key expires in n months
|
|
<n>y = key expires in n years
|
|
Key is valid for? (0)
|
|
Key does not expire at all
|
|
Is this correct? (y/N) y
|
|
Really create? (y/N) y
|
|
|
|
sec rsa2048/C3AFA9ED971BB365
|
|
created: 2019-04-04 expires: never usage: SC
|
|
card-no: FF020001008A77C1
|
|
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
|
|
ssb rsa2048/7067860A98FCE6E1
|
|
created: 2019-04-04 expires: never usage: E
|
|
card-no: FF020001008A77C1
|
|
[ultimate] (1). otto@@example.net
|
|
|
|
gpg> save
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Now you can use your PIV card also with @command{gpg}.
|
|
|
|
@c @mansect examples
|
|
|
|
@mansect see also
|
|
@ifset isman
|
|
@command{scdaemon}(1)
|
|
@end ifset
|