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More changes to order and aesthetics

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Satwik 2019-10-28 22:40:32 +05:30
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@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ NameError: name 'e' is not defined
* Source: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#except
When an exception has been assigned using `as` target, it is cleared at the end of the except clause. This is as if
When an exception has been assigned using `as` target, it is cleared at the end of the `except` clause. This is as if
```py
except E as N:
@ -1378,8 +1378,75 @@ I've lost faith in truth!
---
### ▶ Yielding from... return!
1\.
```py
def some_func(x):
if x == 3:
return ["wtf"]
else:
yield from range(x)
```
**Output:**
```py
>>> list(some_func(3))
[]
```
Where did the `"wtf"` go? Is it due to some special effect of `yield from`? Let's validate that,
2\.
```py
def some_func(x):
if x == 3:
return ["wtf"]
else:
for i in range(x):
yield i
```
**Output (> 3.3):**
```py
>>> list(some_func(3))
[]
```
Same result, that didn't work either.
#### 💡 Explanation:
+ From Python 3.3 onwards, it became possible to use `return` statement with values inside generators (See [PEP380](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0380/)). The [official docs](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0380/#enhancements-to-stopiteration) say that,
> "... `return expr` in a generator causes `StopIteration(expr)` to be raised upon exit from the generator."
+ In case of `some_func(3)`, `StopIteration` is raised at the beginning because of `return` statement. The `StopIteration` exception is automatically catched inside the `list(...)` wrapper and the `for` loop. Therefore, the above two snippets result in an empty list.
+ To get `["wtf"]` from the generator `some_func` we need to catch the `StopIteration` exception,
```py
try:
next(some_func(3))
except StopIteration as e:
some_string = e.value
```
```py
>>> some_string
["wtf"]
```
---
### ▶ Lossy zip of iterators
<!-- Example ID: c28ed154-e59f-4070-8eb6-8967a4acac6d --->
```py
>>> numbers = list(range(7))
>>> numbers
@ -1407,8 +1474,7 @@ Where did element `3` go from the `numbers` list?
result = []
for it in iterators:
elem = next(it, sentinel)
if elem is sentinel:
return
if elem is sentinel: return
result.append(elem)
yield tuple(result)
```
@ -1605,7 +1671,9 @@ The built-in `ord()` function returns a character's Unicode [code point](https:/
---
### ▶ Teleportation
<!-- Example ID: edafe923-0c20-4315-b6e1-0c31abfc38f5 --->
```py
import numpy as np
@ -1858,8 +1926,8 @@ print(x, ': x in global')
>>> x = 1
>>> print([x for x in range(5)])
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> print(x, ': x in global')
(4, ': x in global')
>>> print(x)
4
```
**Output (Python 3.x):**
@ -1867,15 +1935,15 @@ print(x, ': x in global')
>>> x = 1
>>> print([x for x in range(5)])
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> print(x, ': x in global')
1 : x in global
>>> print(x)
1
```
#### 💡 Explanation:
- In Python, for-loops use the scope they exist in and leave their defined loop-variable behind. This also applies if we explicitly defined the for-loop variable in the global namespace before. In this case, it will rebind the existing variable.
- The differences in the output of Python 2.x and Python 3.x interpreters for list comprehension example can be explained by following change documented in [What’s New In Python 3.0](https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.0.html) documentation:
- The differences in the output of Python 2.x and Python 3.x interpreters for list comprehension example can be explained by following change documented in [What’s New In Python 3.0](https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.0.html) change log:
> "List comprehensions no longer support the syntactic form `[... for var in item1, item2, ...]`. Use `[... for var in (item1, item2, ...)]` instead. Also, note that list comprehensions have different semantics: they are closer to syntactic sugar for a generator expression inside a `list()` constructor, and in particular the loop control variables are no longer leaked into the surrounding scope."
@ -1883,6 +1951,7 @@ print(x, ': x in global')
### ▶ Beware of default mutable arguments!
<!-- Example ID: 7d42dade-e20d-4a7b-9ed7-16fb58505fe9 --->
```py
def some_func(default_arg=[]):
default_arg.append("some_string")
@ -2182,39 +2251,6 @@ class SomeClass:
---
### ▶ From full to None in one instruction
<!-- Example ID: 9a0d5335-efe5-4eae-af44-584d15233066 --->
```py
some_list = [1, 2, 3]
some_dict = {
"key_1": 1,
"key_2": 2,
"key_3": 3
}
some_list = some_list.append(4)
some_dict = some_dict.update({"key_4": 4})
```
**Output:**
```py
>>> print(some_list)
None
>>> print(some_dict)
None
```
#### 💡 Explanation
---
### ▶ Needles in a Haystack
<!-- Example ID: 52a199b1-989a-4b28-8910-dff562cebba9 --->
@ -2235,6 +2271,7 @@ x, y = (0, 1) if True else None, None
```
2\.
```py
t = ('one', 'two')
for i in t:
@ -2249,6 +2286,7 @@ print(t)
```
**Output:**
```py
one
two
@ -2288,7 +2326,9 @@ ten_words_list = [
a = "python"
b = "javascript"
```
**Output:**
```py
# An assert statement with an assertion failure message.
>>> assert(a == b, "Both languages are different")
@ -2329,28 +2369,30 @@ None
* `()` is a special token and denotes empty `tuple`.
* In 3, as you might have already figured out, there's a missing comma after 5th element (`"that"`) in the list. So by implicit string literal concatenation,
```py
>>> ten_words_list
['some', 'very', 'big', 'list', 'thatconsists', 'of', 'exactly', 'ten', 'words']
```
```py
>>> ten_words_list
['some', 'very', 'big', 'list', 'thatconsists', 'of', 'exactly', 'ten', 'words']
```
* No `AssertionError` was raised in 4th snippet because instead of asserting the individual expression `a == b`, we're asserting entire tuple. The following snippet will clear things up,
```py
>>> a = "python"
>>> b = "javascript"
>>> assert a == b
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError
>>> assert (a == b, "Values are not equal")
<stdin>:1: SyntaxWarning: assertion is always true, perhaps remove parentheses?
```py
>>> a = "python"
>>> b = "javascript"
>>> assert a == b
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError
>>> assert a == b, "Values are not equal"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError: Values aren not equal
```
>>> assert (a == b, "Values are not equal")
<stdin>:1: SyntaxWarning: assertion is always true, perhaps remove parentheses?
>>> assert a == b, "Values are not equal"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError: Values aren not equal
```
* As for the last snippet, most methods that modify the items of sequence/mapping objects like `list.append`, `dict.update`, `list.sort`, etc. modify the objects in-place and return `None`. The rationale behind this is to improve performance by avoiding making a copy of the object if the operation can be done in-place (Referred from [here](http://docs.python.org/2/faq/design.html#why-doesn-t-list-sort-return-the-sorted-list)).
@ -2358,70 +2400,6 @@ None
---
### ▶ Yielding from... return!
1\.
```py
def some_func(x):
if x == 3:
return ["wtf"]
else:
yield from range(x)
```
**Output:**
```py
>>> list(some_func(3))
[]
```
Where did the `"wtf"` go? Is it due to some special effect of `yield from`? Let's validate that,
2\.
```py
def some_func(x):
if x == 3:
return ["wtf"]
else:
for i in range(x):
yield i
```
**Output (> 3.3):**
```py
>>> list(some_func(3))
[]
```
Same result, that didn't work either.
#### 💡 Explanation:
+ From Python 3.3 onwards, it became possible to use `return` statement with values inside generators (See [PEP380](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0380/)). The [official docs](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0380/#enhancements-to-stopiteration) say that,
> "... `return expr` in a generator causes `StopIteration(expr)` to be raised upon exit from the generator."
+ In case of `some_func(3)`, `StopIteration` is raised at the beginning because of `return` statement. The `StopIteration` exception is automatically catched inside the `list(...)` wrapper and the `for` loop. Therefore, the above two snippets result in an empty list.
+ To get `["wtf"]` from the generator `some_func` we need to catch the `StopIteration` exception,
```py
try:
next(some_func(3))
except StopIteration as e:
some_string = e.value
```
```py
>>> some_string
["wtf"]
```
---
### ▶ Wild imports
<!-- Example ID: 83deb561-bd55-4461-bb5e-77dd7f411e1c --->
```py